КРИТИЧЕСКАЯ ИШЕМИЯ НИЖНИХ КОНЕЧНОСТЕЙ И ЕЕ ЛЕЧЕНИЕ
Аннотация
Критическая ишемия, угрожающая конечностям, — наиболее распространенная форма заболевания периферических артерий, которая связана со значительной заболеваемостью, смертностью и использованием ресурсов здравоохранения. Это клинический синдром ишемической боли в покое или потери тканей, например незаживающих язв или гангрена, связанный с заболеванием периферических артерий. Хроническая ишемия угрожающей потери конечности (ХИУПК) имеет высокий кратко срочный риск потери конечностей и сердечно- сосудистых событий. Неинвазивная или инвазивная ангиография помогает определить возможность и подход к артериальной реваскуляризации. Часто предлагается подход «сначала эндоваскулярный», основанный на более низком риске процедуры, однако при определенных формах заболевания лучше всего лечить открытую хирургическую реваскуляризацию. Баллонная ангиопластика и стентирование составляют основу эндоваскулярных методов, при этом стенты с лекарственным покрытием и баллоны с лекарственным покрытием обеспечивают низкую вероятность повторной реваскуляризации. Комбинация антеградного и ретроградного подходов может повысить успех при протяженной тотальной окклюзии. Ангиопластика ниже колена, направленная на ангиосомы, может привести к более быстрому заживлению ран, но если это не удалось, то сохраняется любой прямой поток крови в стопу. Гибридные хирургические методы, такие как стентирование подвздошной артерии и бедренная эндартерэктомия, обычно используются для снижения операционного риска. Шунтирование нижних конечностей наиболее эффективно при использовании длинной односегментарной аутогенной вены хорошего качества диаметром не менее 3,5 мм. Небольшие ампутации часто требуются из-за потери тканей в рамках стратегии лечения. Большие ампутации (на уровне лодыжки или выше) ограничивают функциональную независимость, и их предотвращение является ключевой целью терапии критической ишемии нижних конечностей (КИНК)/ХИУПК. Медикаментозная терапия после реваскуляризации нацелена на факторы риска атеросклероза и оценивает заживление ран и новые или рецидивирующие заболевания, ограничивающие кровоток.
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