MODERN DATA ON THE INTESTINAL MICROBIOME AND THE STAGES OF ITS FORMATION

Abstract

The human microbiome is a collection of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, that inhabit the human body. In today’s world, the relationship of a macroorganism with intestinal microbes is the result of evolution over a lifetime of thousands of generations. In recent years, due to metagenomic analysis, about 240 new species of microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract have been isolated and described, many of which have not yet been cultivated. In the process of evolution, microorganisms adapt to environmental conditions and acquire an increased ability to reproduce. Despite the use of genomic technologies, the issue of microbial colonization of the fetus remains debatable. It has been established that the microbiome (odontogenic, intestinal, vaginal) of the mother and the sanitary state of the environment determine the nature of the primary colonization of the child. Subsequently, the composition of its intestinal microbiota largely depends on the nature of feeding. The human milk microbiome is quite complex, dynamic and changeable throughout lactation. The gut microbiota of a breastfed infant is characterized by a high population level of infant bifi dobacteria species (90%) and a low content of C. diffi cile and E. сoli. The introduction of complementary foods modifi es the bacterial diversity in the baby’s intestines. It is shown that the composition of the intestinal microbiota of the child is signifi cantly infl uenced by the place of residence and visits to the children’s institution. Thus, the formation of the intestinal microbiome is a long, complex multifactorial process, the violation of which is associated with the development of various pathological conditions in the child’s body. Understanding the mechanisms of microbiome development will allow developing eff ective methods for the prevention and correction of microecological disorders in a child and related diseases in diff erent periods of life.