CURRENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF DAMAGE TO THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM IN OBESITY IN CHILDREN
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease characterised by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. In recent years, the prevalence of this pathology among children has been steadily increasing, which leads to an increase in the number of complications caused by increased lipid accumulation. One of the little-studied but significant consequences of obesity is its effect on the bone system. Overweight children have decreased bone density, increased risk of fractures and osteoarthritis. These changes can lead to functional impairment of the musculoskeletal system and reduced quality of life. The main factors contributing to bone damage in obesity are chronic inflammation, impaired adipokine secretion, vitamin D deficiency, insulin resistance and low physical activity. Chronic inflammation impairs bone remodelling processes, making bone tissue more fragile. Vitamin D deficiency, which is common in obese children, impairs calcium absorption, which also weakens bones. Insulin resistance additionally negatively affects bone metabolism. This review discusses the pathophysiological mechanisms of bone damage in obesity, as well as modern diagnostic methods that allow early detection of disorders. Special attention is paid to prevention, including nutritional correction, increased physical activity and weight reduction under the supervision of specialists. Early detection and treatment of comorbidities, such as insulin resistance, also play an important role in preventing complications. Thus, obesity has a complex negative impact on the bone system, and understanding the mechanisms of this impact, as well as timely diagnosis and prevention, are key to improving the health of overweight children.
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