PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF GLIAL CELL CHANGES AND MARKERS OF BRAIN TISSUES DAMAGE IN TBI
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and psychiatric disorders among neurologic pathology. In many patients, TBI leaves long-term sequelae that may involve both mild cognitive impairment and severe disability. It is known that the mechanisms of damage in traumatic brain injury can be primary, related to the mechanical impact on the brain, and secondary, mainly caused by astrocytes, microglia and infiltrated immune cells from peripheral tissues that lead to neuronal and vascular dysfunction. Because these mechanisms, particularly secondary injury, remain incompletely understood, there are difficulties associated with the diagnosis and treatment of TBI. In search of a solution to this problem, substantial data on the quantification of biomarkers of traumatic brain injury have accumulated in recent decades, which may provide a clinically accessible window to study the mechanisms, diagnosis, monitoring, and prediction of brain injury outcomes. The article is a brief review of posttraumatic changes in brain tissue associated with ionic disturbances, activation of astro- and microglia, involvement of immune system cells, and major biomarkers of brain injury isolated from blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
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